Footnotes
His Holiness Imam Khomein (s.a.) has, in addition to the above-mentioned books, written numerous volimes and articles in relation to religious jurisprudence, philosophy, gnosticism and ethics. His mystic poetry titled "ne Diwan of Imam", has been lately published by the Institute
for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomein (s.a.). From that noble soul we have on hand: 1026 speeches, 319 messages, 203 letters, 118 interviews and 197 decrees some of which have been published in series like the Sahifa Nour (22 vol.) and Kowthar (4 vol.).
Imam Khomeini (s.a.) died and joined high heavens on the night of Khurdad 13. 1368 (a.h.s.) Shavval 28, 1409 (a.h.i.) = June 3, 1989 a.d.
Abstension from expression of religious beliefs and views in cases of danger to one's life, propertyor virtues. Taqiyya or dissimulation is a major issue in Shia Faith. Its observation depends on certain terms and conditions. It may be necessary, (wajib), recommended (viewed with favor) abominable (makrooh) or prohibited.
Muhammad-Reza Pahiavi, former Shah of Iran, the second and last monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty. In the year 1941, in the wake of occupation of Iran by Allied Forces, dethronement of his Father (Reza Shah) by them and with their approval, M6hammad-Reza assumed sovereignty. He reigned 37 years until in the month of January 1979, in'the wake of the all-inclusive uprising of Iranian Muslim peoplcunder leadership of imam Khomeini (s.a.) he was compelled to leave Iran. With the triumph of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on February llth, 1979 the puppet monarchy of Muhammad-Reza Shah came to an end.
The term Taghout applies to any idol, object or individual that prevent men from doing good and leads them astray. Ale term Taghout has been used eight times in the Quran. Prior to Islam, 'Taghout" had been the name of one of the idols of the Ouraish Tribe. llis name is used, also, to mean Satan. Moreover, the term is used to indicate one who rebels against lofty values.
Imam Hosein (a.s.) son of Ali (a.s.) and Fatima, daughter of the Prophet (SAW) is the third Shiite Imam. He was born in Medina in 625 a.d. He received his early upbringing in the laps of His Holiness the Prophet (SAW). his plus instructions by his noble father and his prolonged presence in the political events of early years of Islam had developped his distinguished character. In 682 a.d. Imam Hosein (a.s.) rose against the rule of Yazid son of Moaviah. With his few warriors the Imam engaged the 10,000+strong armed men of Yazid at a place called Karbala (in Iraq). In this bloody epic event Imam Hosein (a.s.) and his children and aides numbering 72 were all martyred and their families were taken captives by the army of Yazid. nis great calamity of the history of Islam was the result of the deviation of the system of Caliphate from the path of Islam and the paganism of the Caliph of the time, on the one hand, and due to Chastity, dissimulation, bravery and determination of the Imam in fighting vice and perversion, on the other. Ale fallen heroes of this disaster are collectively referred to as the "Ma" of Karbala".
Jaafari Faith means the Religion according to lmam Jaafar Sadiq (a.s.), the Sixth Infallible Imam of the world of Shiism. Ascription of the Shiite Religion to Imam Jaafar ben Muhammad A]-Sadiq (a.s.) was due to the fact that this noble Imam lived longer than all other Infallible Imams and, thus, he has had more time and opportunity for action. Tte infirmity and confusion of the Caliphate due to the clashes between the Abbasid,and the Omayyad dynasties, in particular, afforded wider opportunities to the Imam to teach, instruct, discuss and train the faithful and sincere forces and to establish lbeologic Centers and promulgate the Islamic truths.
Amir-al-Mumenin (=Master of the faithful) Ali (a.s.), the first Infallible Shiite Imam was born in 600 a.d. to Abu Talib (the Prophet's uncle) and Fatima. From the age of 6 on, Ali was reared in the house of the Prophet (SAW). Ali was the first male person to accept Islam and promise to aid the Prophet (SAW). Early in his prophetic mission one day Muhammad (SAW), by command of Allah, gathered his kins and announced at their gathering: "He among you who acc my religion before others do, shall be my caliph after me". He repeated this statement three times and at each time Ali (a.s.) was the only person who professed to Islam.
Ale night that prophet (SAW) migrated from Mecca to medina, inspite of plots by Quraish to kill God's messenger, Ali (a.s.) slipped into Muhammad's bedding simulating him and thus he foiled t÷g nsùans' plan and proved his faith and loyalty to the Prophet of Islam.
On the day that, at the Prophets order, Muslims concluded a pact of brotherhood among themselves, the Prophet (SAW) declared Ali (a.s.) as his own brother and, when returning from his last haj pilgrimage, at a place called "Ghadir" the Prophet formally pronounced Ali (a.s.) the guardian or Wali and supervisor of the Muslims after himself. Ali was a companion and an aid to the Prophet (SAW) in the latter's hours of loneliness and hardships. After the Prophet's ascension, for certain reasons, Ali (a.s.) was put off leadership and sovereignty for a period of 25 years during this period, as an observer and overseer, Ali (a.s.) prevented deviations in the faith. After the third Caliph was slain, Ali's disciples and a number of Muslims swore allegiance to him and chose him as Caliph.
Ali's reign as Caliph of Muslims lasted 4 years and 9 months. During his caliphate, Ali (a.s.) restored to their pristine form and mode any changes that were made in the Traditional rule of the Prophet (SAW). Opposition elements whose interests were threatened by revival of true Islam began to revolt from every side and started local fights that lasted during the entire period of Ali's rule until, at last, this model of chastity, justice and bravery was assassinated.
It is difficult to talk about Ali's personality, until his martyrdom, he spent every moment of his life, devoting his life for God's Religion. , In Ali's humble house children such as Hassan (a.s.), Hosein (a.s.) and Zainab (a.s.) were raised, personalities that left deep impressions on the history of Islam; they upheld, in the darkness of time, the bright torch of humanity and were made preceptors of Truth-seeking men.
Please see the. footnote before.
Nahjul-Balagha, meaning "ne Clear Road to Eloquence," is a collection of the words of Amir-al-Mumenin, Ali (a.s.) compiled by Sherrif-Razi Muhammad ibn Hosein (d. 406 ahl=1016 a.d.). Outstanding authorities have termed Nahajul-Balagha the "Brother of Quran". Contents of the book concern the three essential topics of God, Universe and Man, and include comments on scientific, literary, social, ethical and political issues. Except the words of the Quran and of His Holiness the Messenger (SAW) no word of man can equate Nahajul-Balagha in eloquence. So far more than 101 exegeses have been written on the Nahjul Balagha indicating the importance of this book to scholars and learned men of research and investigation.
The chaotic conditions of Iran by the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the harassment of the people caused by the injustice and oppression of agents of despotic governments, weakness and ineptitude of Muzaffaraddin Shah, the then Monarch, daily increasing awareness of the people, and the uprising of the ulema and clergy, all prepared grounds for a revolution named "The Constitution Movement" which, after long struggle by the people was at last victorious in 1906 a.d.
This movement, although it was not guided in the right c@annets, yet, it generated considerable change in the social composition of Iran, dissolution of,elass distinctions, upsetting the power machinery of the courtien, and major proprietors and in the establishment of law and justice. However, because of the influence of W@.ternized elements and removing the clergy from political and governmental scenes, the Constitution Movement did not get anywhere and through the coupd'etat of Reza Khan (father of the former Shah of Iran) the hereditary monarchial regime was reinstated.
The Movement which appeared in Iran during the year 1891-1892 in opposition to granting the monopoly of the tobacco concession to a British company was the first successful [movement in the contemporary history of Iran. It resulted in the defeat of the government, the triumph of the protesters and abrogation of said concession.
The decree boycotting the tobacco deal isssued by a religious authority of the time, his holiness Ayatuiiah Mir-za Shirazi, cemented the unity of the ulema and the people in the movement they had started. Nasereddin Shah, ruler of the time, observing the increasing protestation of the people was compelled to abrogate the related agreement and pay damages to the involved company.
From the 3rd century a.h.i., the city of Qum has been regarded as a center of Islamic sciences and for 12 centuries it has served as a center of education in Islamic sciences of commentary, jurisprudence, tradition, exegesis, gnosticism and ethics. 'nese facts plus the presence of the Tomb of Hazrat Masouma (a.s.), daughter of the 7th Infallible Shiite Imam, Hazrat Musa ibn Jaafar (a.s.), caused scientific activities to find fresh impetus when, in the 14th century a.h., His Holiness Ayatullah Haeri Yazdi, the prominent authority of Shiism, moved to Qum followed by a number of other great authorities of Islam. Together, they settled down to the task of educating student-i2lergymen and expounding and promoting religious knowledge.
This city (Qum) is located 160 kilometers south of Tehran and is a part of the Province of Tehran.
To prevent the spread of the Movement started by Imam Khomeini (s.a.), the Shah's Regime, after considerable deliberation and consultation with its Western supporters, deemed it necessary to arrest the Imam and impound him. Ibree hours past midnight of the 15th of Khurdad, 1342 (June 5, 1963) the Shah's agents raided the Imam's home (in Qum), took him and sent him to Tehran.
Tne news of the Imam's arrest spread to everycorner of the ' country in a very short time. Fronl early hours of the 15th of Khurdad people began to pour into the streets to start their protestation walks. Tle major demonstrations were held in the city of Qum but were checked by interference of military elements and the massacre of large number of people. With declaration of military government in Teharan by Shah's Regime, the suppression of popular demonstrations climaxed that day and the day following and the Military Government's agents butchered thousands of innocent people. The Tragedy of the 15th Khurdad was so great that its news spread to points beyontf the boders of Iran and the millions of dollars spent annually by the Shah on publicity failed to prevent the news of this awesome event from creeping out.
Following the triumph of the Revolution, Hazrat Imam Khomeini (s.a.), in a message commemorating the annivers@ of the 15th Khurdad, 1358 (1979 a.d.), declared the day of Khurdad the 15th, 1342 (June 5, 1943) as the starting date of the Islamic Revolution and for ever a public holiday for mourning.
His Holiness Muhammad ibn Hasan Askari, titled the Imam Zaman, is the last of the 12 Infallible Shiite Imams. He was born at Samarra (a city in Iraq) in the year 255 a.h.1. When 5 years old his father Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) died and the Imamate of Imam Mohammad ibn Hasan Askari (a.s.) began. Because of conditions prevailing then and by the will of Allah, his holiness went into occultation. His period of absence is divided in two parts: Tle minor period that lasted 69 years during which the Imam (a.s.) was indirectly in contact with people through four representatives.
Then, the period of major absence began which continues to the present until the time for the advent of the Promised Mahdi and the triumph of Truth over Falsehood.
In Islamic thinking the advent of Imam Zaman (a.s.) and his extensive fights and challenges is the final link in the chain of the struggles of Tuth against falsehood. In other words, the fights of the supporters of Truth continue throughout history and the ground for victory of Truth becomes paved daily until. the Rise of the Promised Mahdi (Imam Zaman), that General Reformer, who comes and carries all the challenges and fights to conclusion and the light of justice and Truth dawn in the horizon of man. That day the era of man's mental, moral and social matuiity begins.
Hazrat Fatima (a.s.) is the daughter of the noble Prophet and wife of Imam Ali (a.s.). She was born in Mecca in the fifth year of the start of the Prophets' Mission. She is the mother of Imam Hasan and Imam Hosein, the second of third Infallible Sh5te Imams respectively.
It is beyond the scope of this argument to comment on the exalted, lofty standards of the conduct, chastity and faith of this noble lady of Islam. Her love for her father was so intense that prophet had popularly termed her "mother of her father" (ummo-abiha). Fatima (a.s.) was by the side of the Prophet (s.a.w.) during the most exciting periods of his life and by the side her husband, Ali (a.s.) during the most eventful days of his life. She was by the side of these matchless divine beings and due to the pain and agonies she suffered after the Ascension of the Prophet, she died young to join eternal life.
Please refer footnote no 6.
16.Shaabaniyya Prayer of Supplication
Because of its richness of content and superlative concepts this prayer of supplication was frequently recited during the month of Shaaban by Ali (a.s.), his children and the Infallible Imams. With regard to the importance of this prayer, a point often emphasized by Imam Khomeini (s.a.) during hit blessed life, it is enough to say that all the Innocent and Infallible Imams have been reciting it in their communication with Allah.
The Night of Qadr is, according to its related narratives, one of three nights, - the 19th, 21st and 23rd of Ramazan. Ale significance, value and station of the Night of Qadr is greater than a thousand months. It is a night in which Almighty Allah decrees the events that shall occur on earth until the night of Qadr in the following year. In this night angels, and the spirit descend by permission of God in order to resolve the fate of some affair of the universe. As tne N;ght of Qadr is the nigh( for Divine Mercy and God Almighty pays special attention to it therefore, the believers are asked to spend up this night in prayers and supplication to God. Ale ulema and other authorities of the Religion have devised various rites, prayers and ceremonies for this night.
Arafat is a plain about 21 kilometers north of Mecca (In Saudi Arabian Country). The staying at Arafat from noon to sunset on the 9th day of Zilhejja (Arafat Day) is one of the rites of Hajj pilgrimage.
On return from Arafat the Haj pilgrims spend the night at Mashaarul haram and say the evening, the night and the morning prayers there.
"Mena" is a place in Mecca where the pilgrims slaughter their sacrificial beasts.
Bani Omayyad is the name of a dynasty of Muslim 6liphs who gained control of the administration of Islamic territories in the year 40, a.h.1. (662,a.d.) after the first four caliphs and held sway until 132 a.h.1. (750 a.d.). 'ne founder of the Bani Onimayad government was Moaviyya, son of Abu Sufyan by whom hereditary monarchy as well as aristocracy were revived in frank contrast and opposition to basic Islamic articles of faith. History is replete with record of incalculable instances of cruelty and suppression perpetrated in the world of Islam during the Bani Ommayyad rule, including the murder, banishment and imprisoment of the followers of the Ahl-e-Bayt (Prophets' family), the Martyrdom of Imam Hosein by agents of Yazid (son of Moaviyya).
The Imam (s.a.) is referring to the young Basiji Hosein Fahmida. During the war that Iraq imposed on Iran at the instigation of world arrogance especially Ameiica and lasted eight years this Basiji boy (Fahmida), though aging 13, several times Participated in war front activities. By his intelligence and insistence this Basiji boy used to convince the commanders to let him attend firstline action. Tle last time he was at the Front, in order to prevent enemy tanks attacks, he (Hosein Fahmida) attached several grenades around his waist and held one in his hand and, thus armed he threw himself under an enemy tank making it catch fire and explode. His embracing martyrdom in t6is manner stunned everyone and it became an example for other crusaders who followed. Tle Islamic Republic of Iran has printed his picture on its currency notes of 100 and 1000 Rials, to keep alive his memory and the epic he created.
26.The Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid)
In a communication dated 15/3/1980, at the instruction of Irnam Khomeini (s.a.) an organization by the name of the Martyrs Foundation of the Islamic Revolution was created to supervise the affairs of martyrs' families and the incapacitated veterance. In the ten-point order that Hazrat Imam issued in this connection addressed to Hojjatui Islam wal Muslemin Mr. Mahdi Karrubi, it is emphasized that cultural, economic, employment and medical care problems of the honorable member of martyrs and disabled veterans families should receive priority. At the present, this Foundation, with its extensive and solid organization country-wide, has provided education and welfare facilities for these families and their children.
The terrorist group of "Mujahedin Khalq" (lit., peoples fighters), currently termed the "Munafeqin" (hypocrites) by the public because of the acts of its leaders. This group was created in 1965 to fight the Shah's Regime but due to unfamiliarity of its leaders with the proper teachings and principles of Islam it deviated from the right path.
The deviation made the leaders, in a short time after the victory of the Revolution, to line up in a front opposing the Revolution and revolutionary forces and thus, they killed a large number of devoted servants, the dedicated clergy and faithful youths. Exploding scores of bombs in different places of the country, burning houses and buses full of innocent passengers, can be named as part of their terroristic and sabotage actions.
This group spared no action in destroying the Islamic Republic but was disbanded by the revolutionary forces. A number of its heads fled to foreign lands and are, today, spending their last shameful days of life in the laps of the imperialists.
28.The Hypocrites Little Group
Please see the footnote before.
29.Quranic Verse (Verse 46, Saba)
A portion of Verse 46, of Sura Saba in holy Quran which reads: "Say: I exhort you to one thing: stand up before Allah in pairs or singly.......
Ite martyrdom of Imam Khomeini's son, Ayatuiiah Haj Agha Mustafa in Najaf (a city in Iraq) on the first day of Aban, 1356 (23/10/1977) by agents of the Shah's regime started waves of hatred by Muslim people against the Shah's government. Inspite of the strangulation prevailing in the country then people acted to hold memorial and mourning services and rites and, at the first meeting held in Qum to honor this martyr, the city of Qum revolted. Revelation of the crimes of the dependent Monarchial Regime made the agents, in a reactionary, revengeful act, publish an insulting article on the 17th of Dey, 1356 (7/11/1978) in a local newspapers with wide circulation.
In protest to said article, the next day the entire Bazaar, the theological schools of Qum all closed down. People flocked into the houses of the grand authorities, the jurisconsults and mudarresin (teachers) asking them not to remain silent visa vis such insults to the lmam (s.a.) and the Clergy. Such a protest was carried in the form of a solemn walk by the people and student-clergy on 9/1/1978. However, in the afternoon of this day armed agents attacked the demonstrators, opened fire and killed and wounded a number of the student-clergy and common people.
On account of this savage attack and bloody massacre, the Imam (s.a.) issued a statement in which the interference of America in Iran and the crimes perpetrated by the Shah were severely condemned . 'ae killings in Qum on the 19th of Dey, the speech and statement of the Imam on the subject depicted the beginning of new chapter in continuing the Islamic Revolution. Frequent uprisings of the Iranian people from this date on increased daily till they resulted in the victory of the Islamic Revolution on Bahman 22, 1357 a.h.1. (Feb.11, 1979).
The 17th of Shahrivar, 1357 (819/1978), later termed the "Black Friday", is one of the most eventful days of the Islamic Revolution of the Iranian people. In pursuit of the splendid and grand demonstrations that were held in Tehran on Shahrivar 13 (419/78) after the nemaz prayer of Eid A] Fitr, similar demonstrations were held on the 16th of Shahiivar (September 7th), also
in Tehran and arrangements were made for other demonstrations for the next day (Friday) to be held in the Jaleh Square. Early on Friday people streamed into the Jaleh Square so that by six o'clock a.m. some 100000 people were gathered there. Ale Square was surrounded by Shah's military units on all sides with machine-gun barrels aimed at the people from every side. At this hour, the Radio unexpectedly announced that military government is declared for Tehran and ten other cities. Immediately after the announcements machinegun volleys strafed the crowd. On this occasion more than 4000 people were killed and several hundred were wounded. Tle Shah's Regime placed the figures at 58 killed and 25 wounded.
Haj Agha Mustafa (1309-1356 a.b.) was the first child of Imam Khomeini(s.a.), When 15, Agha Mustafa bagan to study Islamic sciences. At 27, heattained the Degree of ljtihad (=practice of religious jurisprudence). When quite young Agha Mustafa mastered most of the Islamic sciences. On 13th Aban 1343 (Nov. 4, 1964) by order of Shah's Regime he was arrested and jailed. He was freed from prison 58 days later but was soon arrested and banished to Turkey. (13th of Dey=3rd of January).
Like his father, Agha Mustafa Khomeini enjoyed an uncompromising spirit. He believed that to overthrow the Pahlavi Rule all inclusive uprisings are necessary and he struggled hard in this path. He was assassinated at the age of 47 in Najaf, Iraq by agents of Savak and attained martyrdom.
By this Imam Khomeini (s.a.) means the events of the month of Shahrivar including the "Black Friday", see footnote no 1, page 86
On 13th of Aban 1343 (Nov.4, 1964) the Shah's dependent regime deported Imam Khomeini (s.a.) to Turkey on charges of alleged opposition to the renewal of the Capitulation Bill. Fourteen years after this event, on Aban 13, 1357 (Nov.4, 1978) coinciding with Imam Khomeini's deportation anniversary, as the Islamic Revolution was nearing climax, a large number of high school and university students from various education institutes gathered together on the campus of Tehran University and began demonstrations in protest to America's policies and those of its puppet regime in Iran. Shah's agents attacked the demonstrators killing and wounding a good many students.
Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran declared the 13th of Aban as the "Students Day" in the memory of the students martyred or wounded that day and in appreciation of the students fights against the Shah's Regime. Let it be explained at this point that one year after the Islamic Revolution had triumphed, that is, on Aban 13, 1358 (Nov, 4, 1979), students of Imam's Line, occupied the U.S. Spy Den (Embassy) in Tehran in protest to America's interference in Iran and its support of anti-Revolutionary elements.
The day the Islamic Revolution of Iran triumphed in the year 1357 a.h.1. (11, February 1979).
36.Ale Martyrs' Plaza (Maidan Shohada)
Please see footnote no 1, page 8,6
Yazid son of Moaviyya (born 26 a.h.1. - died 62 a.h.l.) attained to Caliphate in the year 60, a.h.l., after his father. He was a young man devoid of knowledge and excellences and was well known for his debauchery and other vices. Yazid ruled 3.5 years. In his first year he killed Imam Hosein (a.s.). In his second year as Caliph, he ransacked Medina, (the seat of Prophet's rule and his burial site). And in the third year he invaded Mecca. for further data refer to page 24, footnote no 1.
An Iranian ethnic group living in the West of Iran.
A Tradition ascribed to the prophet (SAW).
In the Islamic Republic of Iran armed forces are of two major types: Military armed forces and Disciplinary armed forces. Tle Military forces include the Army, the Sepah, Islamic Revolutionary Guards and the Basij. Disciplinary armed forces include the Police, the Gendarmerie and the Islamic Revolutionary Committees. Recently, by a merger of the last three parts a new Disciplinary force was organized.
The territories including' Mecca, Medina and Taef in Arabia with surrounding villages comprise Hejaz.
Ale name of a city in Iraq by the Euphrates River. This city was the seat of Imam Ali's rule, also the place where he was assassinated.
Please see footnote no 43.
The third of the month of Shaaban in the 4th year a.h.1. (625 a.d.) is the birthday of Imam Hosein (a.s.), the 3rd Shiite infallible Imam. As Imam Hosein (a.s.) by the martyrdom of himself and his disciples has revived Islam, therefore, the Islamic Republic of Iran have declared his birthdate the "Passdar Day". For additional data see footnote no 1, page 24.
45.Jihad-e-Sazandegi (Crusade for Reconstruction)
Before the victory of the Islamic Revolution most of Iranians especially rural people did not even enjoy a modicum welfare and they mostly suffered and lived in hardship. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, one of the objectives of the authorities and Revolutionary forces was to help the oppressed, the deprived, especially the rural people. For this reason, Imam Khomeini (s.a.) in 1358 (1980) asked the nation to participate in the country's reconstruction movent and, thus, a revolutionary foundation by name "Jihad-e-Sazandegi" (Crusade for Reconstruction) began its activities. Various guoups especially young people and students went to villages and deprived areas and offered their services to the people to please the Lord.
In subsequent years this revolutionary foundation was by legislative action converted into a ministry and renamed "ne Ministry of Jihad Sazandegi" and proceeded to work under the new name.
46. The Ahl-e-Bayt (Prophet's Progeny)
According to unquestionable narratives recorded in both sunni and shiite texts, the term "Ahi-e-Bayt" is a blessed appellation that belongs exclusively to the Prophet (SAW), Ali (a.s.), Hasan (a.s.) and Hosein (a.s.). According to this same narration and others, of the 12 Infallible Imams, nine who are progeny of Imam Hosein (a.s.) are included in the Ahl-e-Bayt and, thus, the Ahi-e-Bayt are same as the 14 Innocent ones. In the Holy Quran love and affection for the Ahl-e-Bayt is recommend and is viewed as the Prophet's reward.
Seyyed Hasan Mudarris (1278-1357 a.h.i.) is an outstanding politico-religious feature of Iran's contemporary history. He had received his elementary education in Isfahan and studied complementary sciences in Najaf (Atabat-e-Aliawt)with a prominent scholar such asAkhund-e-Khurasani and returned to Isfahan after acquiring the Degree of jurisconsult and began to teach jurisprudence (fiqh) and principles of faith in that city. Mudarris was selected by the prominent Reference Authorities (marajae-taqlid=highly learned Shiite scholars to whom Muslims may refer for consultation and to seek guidance) and the ulema of Najaf as one of the five delegates to the National Consultative Assembly to oversee legislation in Majlis' Second Term.
He was elected as a Majlis representative for its third legislative term. Mudarris was arrested and sent to live in exile in the Coup d'etat of Reza Khan but when released he was again elected by the people and sent to the Majlis. During the fourth legislative period, Mudarris assumed the leadership of the majority faction opposed to Reza Khan, In the Sth and 6th legislative sessions of the Majlis, Mudarris opposed the conversion of the constitutional form of government to republic form which Reza Khan wanted and prevented the Majtis from approving the related measure. Mudarris firmly opposed the autocratic moves of Reza Khan. Ale Shah arranged for his terror and as he escaped, he was exiled to Kashmar and Khauf (a city of Khorasan).
Eleven years later, on the 27th of Ramazan, 1357, a.h.1. Shah's agents poisned Mud@s and thus a most prominent politico-religious personality of Iran attained to martyrdom in the path of God. Mudarris had outstanding properties and qualities. Inspite of political and religious influence, he lived a very simple, ascetic life. Imam Khomeini (s.a.) spoke of him with due respect. The Revolution reader wrote the following on the occasion of reconstruction of Mudarris tomb: "At a time when pens were broken, tongues were clamped and throats were smothered, he (Mudarris) didnot desist from stating the truth and condemning falsehood .... With his rather small and weak body, and great spirit and a soul cheerful with faith, sincerity, truth, and a tongue as Ali's blade, this spiritual scholar stood up against enemies, cried the truths, revealed crimes, cornered Reza Khan, made life miserable for him and, at last, offered his own sacred life in the path of the dear Islam and the nation and was martyred by the hands of the despotic monarch's stooges in ejdle, and joined his holy ancestors......
Professor Martyr, Murtiza Mutahhari (1298-1358 a.h.s.) was born Bahman the 13th, 1298 in the village of Fariman near Mashhad to a clergymen family. At 12, he went to Mashhad where he learned the basics of Islamic sciences and then moved to Qum where he attended the classes conducted by the great authorities of that theologic center. From 1319, Mutahhari took part in classes led by His Holiness Imam Khomeini (s.a.) and other famous professors of the time. Moreover, he himself conducted lessons in subjects like arabic literature, logic, kalam, jurisprudence and philosophy.
In 1331 Mutahhari was transferred from Qum to Tehran and in 1334 he was invited to teach Islamic sciences at the Tehran University, Faculty of Islamic Sciences. Mutahhari was arrested at midnight, of the 15th of Khordad, 1342 and spent 43 days in prison. After Imam Khomeini's migration to Paris, Mutahhari went to meet him and His Honor assigned him responsibility of organizing the Revolutionary Council.
On the night of Ordibehesht 11, 1358 (1.5.1979) Mutahhari was martyred by an agent of the Furqan terrorist group. He wrote more than 50 books, tens of articles and delivered scores of speeches. His Holiness Imam Khomeini (s.a.) said of Mutahhari: "His written and spoken words are, without exception, educational and enlivening .... I recommend that the students and intellectual groups do not let Mutahhari's words be forgotten by un-1s]amic tricks,......
49. Khamenei (The Present Leader of the Islamic Revolution)
By this is meant the Imam (s.a.), the present leader of the Islamic Revolution. After the Imam's ascension, Ayatuilah Seyyed Ali Khamenei was elected by a majority vote of delegates to the Assembly of Experts, as leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Before his selection as Leader, Mr Khamenei had been tvdce elected as President of the Islamic Republic.
50. Sahib Jawahir (Author of Jawahir-ol~Kalawm)
Sheikh Muhaminad Hasan Najafj, renowned as "ne Author of Jawahir (d. in Shaaban 1266) was a great faqih of the Imamate denomination as well as a prominent reference authority (marjae-taqlid) in Shiism. His reputation as "Sahib (author) of Jawahir" was for writing the book "Jawahir-ol-Kalawm" on various subjects of Fiqh.
"Land Reform" was a major policy of nco-colonialism which was enforced in all countries dominated by colonialism from Latin America to Asia and Africa through the local governments in a nearly uniform pattern. In 1341 a.h.s (1962) the Shah, in order to gain the confidence of American capitalism, to demonstrate his agreement and cooperation with the new strategy and to open up new markets to Western economy, on the one hand, to reduce the gravity of domestic conditions and to prevent the spread of peoples' unrest which posed the danger of an imminent social explosion, started the "Land Reform" program in Iran as the first of the sbdold principles of the Revolution of the Shah and People and thus brought the country's economy to the brim of bankruptcy.
"Land Reform" in Iran, which depended on foreign mostly American, capital investment in commerce and related industries, gravely damaged Iranian griculture so much so, that the country in a few years was reduced from the statioi of a wheat - exporting country to a major wheat - importing state! On the other hand, migration of villagers to the cities and their absorption, in industries and services, as cheap labour, deprived 20000 Iranian villages of all inhabitants over a period of 11 years (1345-1356).